IOP Script The Diet by Carol Ann Duffy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 624 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Topics: Diet Essay Did you like this example? Theme: Duffy conveys the theme of societal expectations and how one may attempt to reach the unattainable vision that society portrays as the â€Å"ideal person,† resulting in their constant deterioration and self-harm. Subthemes/Body Points: Societal Expectations Unattainable Vision Constant Deterioration and Self Harm I. Introduction Outline; what will be on each slide Theme Explain the three subthemes . Explain the theme as a whole II. Social Expectations Repetition of â€Å"she† . Lack of name; the issue is common in society and widely overlook . â€Å"No sugar, salt, dairy, fat, protein, starch or alcohol† (Duffy 2-3). . Modern fad diets . Diet leaves out necessary parts of the food pyramid Explain food pyramid visual â€Å"She was anorexia’s true daughter† (Duffy 16). Personification Shows how strong of a hold Anorexia has Society’s child turned into Anorexia’s child You are your looks â€Å"She stayed near people, lay in the tent of a nostril like a germ† (Duffy 36-37). Simile The people didn’t care; overlooked issue â€Å"Germ† – keeps shrinking III. Unattainable Vision â€Å"The diet worked like a dream† (Duffy 1).,/liSimile/ dictions Comparing the diet to a dream; this dream is unattainable Connotation/ denotation Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "IOP Script The Diet by Carol Ann Duffy" essay for you Create order Distinguishing factor; society’s expectation is that they want you to be a certain way what society wants vs what she wants; no longer independent – dependent on what society wants â€Å"Chomped and chewed and gorged; inside the Fat Woman now, trying to get out† (Duffy 55-56) Never-ending cycle; cycles don’t have an end-point Capitalization of â€Å"Fat Woman† = the type of person society doesn’t want you to be â€Å"Inside every fat woman is a thin woman trying to get out† Spin on this saying; She is a â€Å"fat† and healthy person trying to get out of the anorexic body â€Å"The height of a thimble, She sat at her open window and the wind blew her away† (Duffy 19-21). Fairytale allusion Magical realism; realistic views of world with magical elements Partly real, partly not Fairytales are not real; they are just like a dream IV. Constant Deterioration and Self-Harm â€Å"She starved on, stayed in, stared in the mirror, svelter, slimmer† (Duffy 8). Alliteration/ Consonance Svelter means â€Å"Slimmer† Constant use of the â€Å"s† sound auditorily shows the reader that the starvation is a constant process; the sound makes you salivate; short sharp tone Harsh imagery of physical appearance â€Å"She was all eyes, all cheekbones, had guns for hips† (Duffy 12-13). Metaphor Her hips are literally protruding so much that they are sharp and able to hurt people but metaphorically, the anorexia is killing her, like guns kills people (connotation/ denotation) â€Å"By the end of week one Half a stone Shrinking† (Duffy 3-4). â€Å"a fortnight in , she was eight stone† (Duffy 5-6). â€Å"by the end of the month she was skin and bone† (Duffy 6-7) Internal rhyme: Stone/ Bone Progression of time; keeps shrinking; physically disappearing Losing her identity along with her weight â€Å"skeleton† (Duffy 11). â€Å"A shadow† (Duffy 17). [SIDE NOTE] Eventually author comments on how ppl will go to such attempts to please other ppl because they seek validation from external factors; external source of happiness iii. two similar forms of external satisfaction (society’s views vs. food); author inhibits one: food; one is healthy, and one isn’t V. Structure Free verse; occasional rhymes Internal rhymes Example: â€Å"breakfast, lunch, dinner, thinner† (Duffy 4-5). Significance to them; loss of control Each stanza indents to where the prior one ends Continuous starvation; no time to pause Cyclical Structure Starvation to indulgence to starvation Significance of title Diets are the things that stand out for the girls; they can be healthy or non-healthy VI. Activity/Questions a. Awareness of the influence of society VII. Real World Example: Models Struggles with eating disorders Harsh realities of model industry VIII. Revisit theme

Psychology Dreams and Dreaming Essay - 3171 Words

Psychology: Dreams and Dreaming January 13, 1997 Dreams, a nightly gift and a part of the natural process of being alive, are being rediscovered by our publisher. The meaning and value of your dreams will vary according to what you and your society decide. Our society is changing. We used to only value dreams in the context of psychotherapy. There are also a few assumptions about dreams. One is that you are always the final authority on what the dream means. Others can offer insight, suggestions and techniques for exploration and expression, but no one knows what the final meaning and value of the dreams will be for you, except you. Another assumption is that dreams come in the service of wholeness and health. If you find an†¦show more content†¦(Lemley p. 3). A minority of lucid dreams are the result of returning to REM sleep directly from a awakening with unbroken reflective consciousness. When lucidity is at a high level, you are aware that everything experienced in the dream is occurring in your mind, that there is no real danger, and that you are asleep in bed and will awaken shortly. With low level lucidity you may be aware to a certain extent that you are dreaming, perhaps enough to fly or alter what you are doing, but not enough to realize that the people are dream representations, or that you can suffer no physical damage, or that you are actually in bed. (Time-Life Books p. 58). Lucid dreams usually happen during REM sleep. Research has been demonstrated that most vivid dreaming occurs in REM sleep. It is characterized by an active brain, with low amplitude, mixed frequency brain waves, suppression of skeletal muscle tone, bursts of rapid eye movements, and occasional tiny muscular twitches (Barret p. 20). Jubera 3 The sleep stages cycle throughout a night. The first REM period normally happens after a period of delta sleep, approximately 90 minutes after sleep onset, and lasts from about 5-20 minutes. REM periods occur roughly every 90 minutes throughout the night with later REM periods occurring at shorter intervals and often being longer, sometimes up to an hour in length. Much more REM sleep occurs in the second half of the night than inShow MoreRelatedChristopher Graus Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and the Matrix535 Words   |  3 PagesIn â€Å"Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and the Matrix†, Christopher Grau explains Rene Descartes argument in Meditation. What one may interpret as reality may not be more than a figment of one’s imagination. One argument that Grau points out in Descartes essay is how one knows that what one think is an everyday experience awake is not all a part of a hallucination. He uses the example of dreams to draw a conclusion about is claim based on experiences one would experienceRead MoreThe Dreams Of Dreams By Carl Jung1632 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the night, dreams occur. Some remember more than others. However, a dream is always present even if you may think it is not. The curiosity of dreams is what started the popularity of dream interpretation . People wanted to know what they meant and how they were getting there which drove psychologists to go out and study them. (The Dream Experience Chapter 1) Dreams are a very complex topic because of the various meanings for their appearance. Theories vary from dream simply being apartRead MoreWhy People Dream : Two Points Of View1001 Words   |  5 Pages Why People Dream: Two Points of View Jessica Zagroski Fisher College Often when you lay your head down after a long day, you get comfortable and cozy under your bed sheets and slowly begin to drift away into a dream. Dreams or dreaming can be defined as â€Å"a series of thoughts, visions, or feelings that happen during sleep.† (Definition and more from the free Merriam-Webster dictionary). While you are dreaming, there are two states of sleeping; one of them is REM sleep andRead More Dream Therapy Essay examples1619 Words   |  7 PagesDream Therapy Dreams have been considered and debated since people have existed. Research on dreams began in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, nothing has proven why dreams happen or what they do. Freud suggested that dreams are an expression of subconscious desires, from which all sorts of strange animal impulses come. He believed that he would be able to find out what bothered people by analyzing their dreams. While dreams reveal troubles much older than Freud, he was the firstRead MoreInception: Pure Science Fiction Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagesletting it grow (Inception, 2010). Other concepts in relation to inception are dream sharing and a dream within a dream. Dream sharing is a person manufacturing a dream and bringing a person or persons into that dream (Inception, 2010). As an individual dreams or dream shares, he or she can go deeper into a dream and further into the layers of the subconscious also known as a dreaming within a dream (Inception, 2010). As a dream is exp lored and one is pursing deeper into the subconscious time and spaceRead MorePsychoanalysis : A Systematic Structure Of Theories Regarding The Relations Of Conscious And Unconscious Psychological Processes1534 Words   |  7 Pagesconscious and unconscious psychological processes (Dictionary). Psychoanalysis comes from the German word Psychoanalyse which means to investigate or to treat. By this means whatever troubles or nightmare that someone has in their unconscious mind or a dream, it is tied to an event or situation in that person’s life. This term was introduced by Josef Braur and his then assistant Sigmund Freud in 1895 when they both wrote Studies on Hysteria with the theory that experiencing trauma in one’s life cannotRead MoreWhy Do We Dream? Essays631 Words   |  3 PagesWhy do we Dream? It has been said by researchers that everyone dreams during sleep and it is thought to be a universal psychical feature of our human lives. However, many of us are unable to recall vividly what happens throughout our dreams, if anything at all. Due to this clouded unique nature that is dreaming, most of the knowledge why we dream is largely inconclusive. Nonetheless, after many years of theoretical debate on the subject, three arguments have remained prominent of which I willRead MoreDream Should Be Seen As A Prophecy1137 Words   |  5 PagesDreaming is something that everyone does, even if you don’t remember it. Throughout history there have been many theories about dreams. One of them was that dream should be seen as a message coming from outside individual, mostly from God like creatures. And another theory is that dream should be seen as a prophecy, being able to tell us what awaits for us in the future. These theories are prescientific so today we don t view dreams this way. Freud then came along and proposed that dreams reflectRead More The Neurophysiology of Sleep and Dreams Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesThe Neurophysiology of Sleep and Dreams The ancient Babylonians thought dreams were messages from supernatural beings, and that the good dreams came from gods and that bad dreams came from demons. (1) Since then people have sought many different explanations for the occurrence and importance of dreams. Before beginning to understand the function or significance of sleep and dreams, it is important to look at when, what, where, and how dreaming and sleeping occur. Adult humans sleepRead MoreDreams and Dreaming Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesfascinating and puzzling is dreams and their functions. It is surprising that an average person dreams for at least six years of their life, but scientists still do not know the role of dreaming (Shaw). Several theories have been presented to provide a reason for dreaming, and attempt to explain what most do not understand. Although dream research has been prominent lately, no agreement has been reached on which theory is correct on the purpose of dreams. Some believe that dreams are only simulations created

Experiment Free Essays

There were 5 trials of 30 second intervals. After every trial the subject was asked to estimate the number of letters expected to be written correctly in the next trial. As the results showed, only 2 out of the 9 subjects were able to perfect the experiment. We will write a custom essay sample on Experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Majority of the 9 subjects committed tallest 2 errors in a trial. The most errors committed by a subject were 7 errors. As a conclusion, it can be said that the main objective of this experiment was accomplished. The class exhibited notable scores during the course of the activity and important lessons were relayed. L. Experimenting, although most are unaware about it, is a part of daily living. Say, experimenting with the route when going to school or to work, experimenting with clothes when dressing up, also, experimenting with ingredients when cooking. In life experimentation is simple however when it comes to Science, Experimentation entails so much more. The meaning of the word â€Å"experiment† on a Merriam Webster dictionary is; a test or trial, an operation or procedure carried out under controlled conditions in order to discover an unknown effect or law to test or establish a hypothesis or to illustrate a known law. Wisped on the other hand says that an experiment is a methodical trial ND error procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Furthermore, it says that experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. Experiments can vary from personal and informal to highly controlled. Uses of experiments vary considerably between the natural and social sciences. Having a clear vision of what experiment means, it would be easier to comprehend he process of â€Å"experimentation†. According to Anne Myers (2003) experimentation is a process undertaken to discover something new or to demonstrate that events that have already been observed will occur again under a particular set of conditions. When experimenting, systematically manipulate aspects of a setting to verify predictions about behavior under particular conditions. Experimentation is sometimes impossible. To do an experiment, predictions must be testable. Two minimum requirements must be met: First, having procedures for manipulating the setting. Second, the predicted outcome must be observable. To use experimentation, it is a must to have procedures to manipulate the environment, and to make predictions about observable outcomes. Experimentation must also be objective. Ideally, we do not bias results by setting up situations in which predictions can always be confirmed. Do not stack the deck in our favor by giving subjects subtle cues to respond in the desired way. Nor prevent them from responding in the non-predicted direction. In Psychology however, experimentation started with the intensive, prolonged study of the individual. This single-participant research strategy followed from the earlier scientific paradigms employed by physiologists. Foremost was the classic research of the great French physiologist Claude Bernard in the sass’s. Barnyard’s strategy of concentrating on the individual was widely accepted in physiology when he won a scientific argument concerning physiological knowledge of European urine. A proposal had been advanced to collect specimens of urine from a centrally located train station and compute average values. Psychology majors will eventually turn to experimentation to prove personal theories, assessments, beliefs, and curiosities. Hence the subject shall educate on how to conduct experiments reliably and convincingly. The conclusion which should be drawn from this experiment shall inform on the what, why and how of Experimentation. II. METHODS Procedure The experimenter (E) instructed the subject (S) to write the alphabet backwards (from Z to A) as rapidly as possible. There were 5 trials of 30 seconds each with a one- minute rest between trials. After the first trial the S reported the number of letters written and gave an estimate of the number expected in the second trial. After the second, third, and fourth trials the S reported the number estimated, the number achieved and the number estimated for the next trial. After the fifth trial only the estimated and achieved scores were reported. Apparatus For the experiment the tools used were: a pencil some scratch paper and a timer with second hand Ill. RESULTS Summarized Scores of Each Subject The table illustrates the scores of each subject from SSL to SO. Each subject was given 5 trials with 30 second intervals. The Right and Wrong answers are represented by (R) (W) respectively. Results showed that 2 out of 9 subjects had no errors. SO made 2 errors during the first trial but perfected the activity throughout all the succeeding trials. SO and SO made no errors at all during trials 1 to last. SO showed an alternating score of 24 and 26 through trials 1 to last respectively. SO made an error during the 2nd trial but throughout all the trials the scores were perfect. SO showed a rise in the curve throughout trials 1 to last. Finally, SO showed a rise in the curve through trials 1 to 3 but dropped a point from the previous score in the last trial. For most of the subjects, there was a rise in the curve throughout the trials. How to cite Experiment, Papers

Death Awareness and Organizational Behavior †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Death Awareness and Organizational Behavior. Answer: Introduction: Organisational behaviour is a relative assessment of workers influence on organisation and the impact which organisation leaves on individuals. To facilitate and stimulate the workers many factors are responsible which are complementary to each other. As a result, the performance is affected in significant manner by the surrounding environment. Furthermore, this includes tempting style of leadership traits, commensuration of corporate culture and various other characteristics at workplace. The workers perspective regarding their work performance and job area need to be carefully studied. Organisational behaviour is the sum up of prolonged mixture of actions, assertiveness and derivative from staffs learning. The prolonged combination of assertiveness and actions along with learnings derivative from the staff sums up the organisational behaviour (Stein and Cropanzano, 2011). It also provides guidance to the administrators so that the level of problems can be understood and best altern ative can be ensured by the tact of resolvance. In this way, potential errors can be cut down and productivity can be increased. The factors which leave behind the impact on nearby employees behaviour, corporate structure and levels of hierarchy are deeply scrutinized. The theory of organisational behaviour has full-grown nature due to involvement of various individual and group factors. People from diverse background such as culture, values, believe and norms are the part of the organisation. Apparently, this leads to the presence of wide range of diversity in the workplace. There are both advantages and disadvantages of cultural diversity which though rely on the presence or absence of stereotypes. Howsoever, there are multiple stages which bring along the interactive sequences comprising of prevalent culture, human intellectuality, and management techniques along with thinking capacity of the person (Alter, et. al, 2010). In order to comprehend the knowledge and practice skills of employees, understanding of their respective is important so that management practices can bring desired results. Also, the proportionate of the employees productivity is dependent upon the factors of prevalent organisation behaviour (Lynne, Jackson Russell, 2013). This essay highlights and concludes the importance of studying organisation behaviour. Apart from this extended implementat ion at varied hierarchy levels has also been addressed. Significantly, some steps are also specified which needs to be applied by management so that workforce diversity get improved along with the help of various organisational management theories. Behaviour prominent in organisation: The success of every organisation is completely dependent upon the pillars of its human resource and the qualitative output rendered by employees in cost effective manner. The behaviour of the individual is amalgamation of defined behaviour and actions of the labour force existing in the company. The newly embedded organisation behaviour has gained importance because of its capacity to build up outstanding relationship between individuals and groups. The thick line which constitutes the agenda of behaviour comprises of the individuals and group behaviour along with the prospectus of overall structure in the organisation. There are unlimited theories which influence and govern the conceptualise bindings of the organisational behaviour. In this regard, the most widely used principle theory is of the undistinguishable relationship between the employee and employers behaviour. The conventional set of various policies, goals and code of ethics with mode of conduct are projected as the bridging gap. It compliments aside the process of decision making (Kitchin, 2010). The resultant outcome is that the working environments of the organisation gets elastic and smoothen in nature. Henceforth, motivation is other critical factor which proves as a stepping stone towards the hierarchy of success. To be cost effective, the labour force must be kept highly motivated and directed towards the attainment of goals at any point of time. The degree of proper direction and control is also necessary to maintain an eye check on the quality and quantity of work done as per the required specifications. The maintenance of prop er system through which the performance could be evaluated and record is must. Various other techniques in this regard embraces of political serene, personality traits, management guidelines and elements of stress embroidery level. The theories so justified provide the intact solutions to the wide range of problems encountered (Furusten, 2013). Moreover, it includes the areas of building team spirit, training, decision making replicas and diversified amount of workings and methodology to enhance enactment guidelines. With the support of these applications changes can be implemented so that it could yield gainful and distinguished future dealings and environment ahead. Overview of Potential problems and situations Several problems are expected to occur because of the complex nature and mechanism of the organisation. This problem goes on increasing as the element of diversity in various departments keeps on bulging up. The causes for the diversity are age, gender, values, culture, belief, traditions, customs, background along with thinking abilities (Duguid and Thomas-Hunt, 2015). The magnitude of authority, accountability and responsibility are exaggerated by the consequences of diversity. The leading authorities solve the disputes and grievances on specific level, assembly level and overall operative level. Numerous issues are dealt on the account of social, ethical and cultural background. The day to day activities which take place around the organisation forms the part of social issues. These issues come into existence with the presence of surrounded society and its prolonged effects. In the similar context, the connecting environment is forecasted to have the portion of multiple issues because of the result of varied and illustrious subpopulation within (Pinder, 2014). Some of internal factors can also be the root cause of social issue likewise customs, beliefs and values attached. In order to maintain the dangerous effect of the relevant cause, proper balance and pace is required. The resultant work is differentiated on the grounds of appropriate set of beliefs and value under the broad line of ethics and code of conduct. Due to diversified nature in philosophies learnt and upbringings inculcated, there is gap in thought process of individuals as well (Briscoe, Tarique and Schuler, 2012). As a result, many problems arise since subjective curriculum of ethics is varied in nature. The gateways of joint interest shall be followed upon to end up the complexities arising from ethical issues. There has been tremendous impact of labour force cultural belongings on the organisation behaviour. People inherit the cultural learnings right from the time of birth since the surrounding in which the individual is bought up forms the constituent of culture within. The individuals thinking and behaviour is in supportive category of the respective culture. People tend to enter into manifold critical and conjoint issues because they work with diversified personalities on the same platform (Hyde, Harris and Boaden, 2013). The concerns might take the shape of customs, religion does, language, dress code, family commitments, choice of food and several other social norms. The theoretical discipline which binds the aspects of envisaging, understanding, labelling and overruling of human behaviour is addressed by organisational study (Cresswell and Sheikh, 2013). As a result of various social, ethical and cultural fundamentals the scope of organisational behaviour has grown significantly. The management needs to pay due consideration on the areas of individuals work productivity, response, nature and conduct with additional co-workers. The practices which are not legalised on the acts of biases in ethics, culture, religion and moral conduct shall be cut down. Proper channels shall be formulated which define the areas of authority and responsibility. The positive vision of stereotyping shall be implemented rather than negative one. For eg: when someone is appreciated for the skills of proficiency and competence. Likewise, women are much responsible and prone to new skills along with thought process despite of gender, age, caste, creed and religion to which they belong. As a result, many companies have the authorities which are feminine and they work outstandingly with entrepreneurial skills possessed (Rosenbusch and Cseh, 2012). When the prospectus gets biased it leads to confusion, chaos and disputes. The notion of diversification can be implemented to minimise the presence of stereotyping in the organisation. The new serene will provide labour force the exposure to accomplish the operations irrespective of sex, language, appearance, value and beliefs. The expected results will be higher level of transparency and affirmative dynamism in the structure. The negative impact comprises of the adverse mind set and beliefs which binds the mind to face the reality in actual terms. The coatings of positive aspects of stereotyping should be stretched in every possible manner. Recent developments in organisational behaviour Many guidelines, regulations and rules have been implemented by the developing organisation in order to govern the external and internal workings along with related aspects. Numerous practices of favouring diversity are promoted. Now days, people are judged on their particular quality possessed instead on the dimensions of creed, caste, race and religion. People with young mind and innovative zeal are promoted and favoured. The study of distinguished behavioural environment has been paid due consideration. The proportion of women along with their respective entrepreneurship skills are chosen and placed at MNCs (Wood, et. al, 2012). The businesses now have equal ratio of men and women in working. The conceptualization of self-governing is applied so that free zone could be created to execute individuals own control on areas of dealings. Training and recovering of timely feedback is also prominent in nature. It can be concluded that described theories shall be executed by analysing the benefits and need to be derived. The motivational and attitude facet in the organisation need to be acknowledged. Workforce should be motivated so that the quantum of productivity is maintained. The benefits which can be derived from the diversity in organisation shall be scrutinised. Proper counselling and training along with grievances in redressed mechanism can bring out the positive results. It also facilitates the delegation of task so that profit rendered is highest. At last, efforts shall be binding on the growth objectives of the organisation. References: Alter, A.L., Aronson, J., Darley, J.M., Rodriguez, C. and Ruble, D.N. (2010) Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(1), pp.166-171. Andersson, L., Jackson, S.E. and Russell, S.V., (2013) Greening organizational behavior: An introduction to the special issue.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(2), pp.151-155. Briscoe, D., Tarique, I. and Schuler, R., (2012)International human resource management: Policies and practices for multinational enterprises. Routledge. Cresswell, K. and Sheikh, A. (2013) Organizational issues in the implementation and adoption of health information technology innovations: an interpretative review.International journal of medical informatics,82(5), pp.e73-e86. Duguid, M.M. and Thomas-Hunt, M.C. (2015) Condoning stereotyping? How awareness of stereotyping prevalence impacts expression of stereotypes.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(2), p.343. Furusten, S. (2013) Institutional Theory and Organizational Change. Camberley: Edward Elgar Publishing. Hyde, P., Harris, C. Boaden, R. (2013) Pro-social organisational behaviour of healthcare workers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(16), pp. 3115-3130. Kitchin, D. (2010) An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. Pinder, C.C. (2014) Work motivation in organizational behaviour. Chicago: Psychology Press. Rosenbusch, K. and Cseh, M., (2012) The cross-cultural adjustment process of expatriate families in a multinational organization: A family system theory perspective.Human Resource Development International,15(1), pp.61-77. Stein, J. H. and Cropanzano, R. (2011) Death awareness and organizational behavior. Journal of organisational Behaviour, 8(1189-1193), p. 32. Wood, J., Zeffane, R., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R. and Seet, P.S. (2012) Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. Milton QLD: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd.

Two Factor Theory free essay sample

Two Factor Theory by Herzberg as its name suggested the theory indeed is divided into two parts. First part being the Hygiene factors or sometimes referred to as Maintenance. Extrinsic factors meaning they come from the environment of the task/job and the person carrying the task, and not from the person himself nor the task itself. By fulfilling these factors, workers have no dissatisfaction, vice versa the theory suggests that if these factors are in absent, workers will have dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors are basic requirements from workers, in which the organisation must provide and maintain in order to motivate and share good relationship with workers in the long run. Hygiene factors are indeed called extrinsic factors because they are factors such as salary, job environment; job security, companys policies and benefits, and so on. Simple explanations, ones salary should be at the same level of those having the same job in the same industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Factor Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The job should provide good environment making the person will secured, hence has no dissatisfaction. In the case where ones salary is too low, one is likely to be dissatisfied and then likely to be demotivated. Second part being the Motivational factors, whereby these factors are much more personal, derived from within the worker himself; and because of that, to Herzberg motivational factors unlike the hygiene factors are regarded as motivators and also referred to as intrinsic factors. Motivational factors are much more short term factors, job achievement, job recognition, job promotion are examples of such factors. As mentioned Herzberg recognised as motivators and therefore if a workplace has high level of these factors, workers are most likely to feel satisfied. Herzberg explained when a workers accomplishment get recognised for instance, it can lead to a higher level of esteem; sense of responsibilities can lead to sense of ownership in the organisation. Assuming when workers have higher level of esteem, workers are more satisfied, and when workers share a sense of ownership with the organisation, they feel more motivated. Two Factor theory even though is widely accepted and implemented, it does have its limitations. Many said that Herzbergs theory, which assume the correlation between satisfaction and productivity lacks research support, and disregards human nature that tends to blame external factors when things go wrong. The theory speaks off safety in workplace, ignoring the environment faced by certain industry such as the blue collar workers. There is a point that shall be emphasised while reviewing the two-factor theory; that is by eliminating dissatisfaction (providing the right amount of salary per se) does not result in higher level of satifaction. By eliminating dissatisfaction (providing a secured job) can only result in a peaceful workplace, and not unnecessary motivate workers to perform better. More importantly, an organisation cannot keep raising a workers pay whenever he feels dissatisfied, therefore Herzberg suggested to focus on the motivational factors by utilising each workers competencies. Victor Vrooms Expectancy theory is a process of psychological thoughts, where by it is believed that workers are motivated when they believe they have the ability to achieve the task if they put in good amount of effort, and by achieving, as a return they will earn rewards which in their view worth their effort, and that the reward is something they desire enough to make an effort. Vroom concluded the workers performance is based on knowledge, experience, skill and personality, therefore each individual is different, and that they may share different objectives. Vroom specified three variables required for expectancy theory. The first one is Expectancy, in general workers have to believe that they are able to accomplish the given task for them to start feeling motivated. The second variable is Instrumentality, this stresses the fact that receiving a reward when the task is accomplished, must be ensured, if workers have doubt whether or not they will receive a reward, there is high chances they feel demotivated. Lastly Valence, it referred to the value workers hold towards the reward. Be it money, promotion or just a sense of recognition, different workers may value different rewards, therefore the management must find out what his workers value. Vroom concluded that individuals usually go for the option that has the most motivation forces (MF). And that motivation force is the product of the three variables being mentioned. Therefore MF = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence; noticing the formula, none of the variable can have the value of zero, or the whole process will be zero, meaning absolutely no motivational force.

The eNotes Blog Top 10 Gifts for Readers andWriters

Top 10 Gifts for Readers andWriters Christmas is a wonderful time for lovers of literature.   You can finally get someone to read a book you love, request one (or more) from friends and family, or even give or receive a book-themed item.   Here are ten suggestions sure to make bibliophiles smile. 1.   Banned Books Bracelet. A beautiful way to show off your love of literature and provoke interesting conversations, this bracelet from The Literary Gift Company is stylish and smart. Consider pairing it with a couple of the books depicted for a memorable gift. Books featured on the bracelet include To Kill a Mockingbird, The Color Purple, Howl, and Alices Adventures  in Wonderland, among others. 2. Holidays on Ice by David Sedaris. Released in 1997, this hysterical collection of essays by now-famous author David Sedaris will delight even the Grinchiest Grinch on your list. Darkly humorous yet full of relatable insights into the human condition, Sedaris captures both the love and the maddening spirit of the holiday season. 3.   The Book Lovers Cookbook. If you have both a foodie and a book lover on your list, this is a fun and tasty gift. The authors, who are both chefs and book lovers, have included selections from a variety of novels, everything from Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest to Fannie Flaggs Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe. How about whipping up a delicious treat for your next book club meeting? 4.   Barnes and Noble Membership. At Barnes and Noble, you can get great savings all yearif you purchase a $25 membership. Consider paying for these great benefits for a friend or family member and give them the gift of savings for a full year! 5.   Peeramid Book Rest. Prop up your book comfortably wherever you are with this unique book rest.   Use the tassel to mark your place. Available in a variety of colors: burgundy, navy blue, and sage green, among others. 6.   Famous Faces Journals. If there is a writer and pop culture buff to shop for, you can’t go wrong with one of these whimsical journals. Choose from Audrey Hepburn, Dr. Spock, and Michael Jackson, among others. 7.   Go Away, Im Writing Mug. Perfect for the published, aspiring, or humanities student on your list. Also available in Go Away, Im Reading. No need to say anything, just point and grunt. Bah humbug. 8.   This American Life USB. Some of the best and most innovative writers in America are contributors to National Public Radios award-winning series  This American Life: Michael Chabon, David Rakoff, and Junot Diaz, just to name a few. Enjoy these fabulous stories and rich voices as you luxuriate in 35 hours of programs. 9.   So Many Books, So Little Time Night Shirt. Give your favorite gal a gift shell love to put on and then go curl up with a good book 10.   Penguin Books Montage Tie. In 1935, Penguin Books revolutionized the publishing industry by distributing classics in affordable, paperback editions. Celebrate their lasting legacy with this attractive montage of some of Penguins most memorable titles.

Brand, Why are famous brand products attractive people Essay

Brand, Why are famous brand products attractive people - Essay Example â€Å"Brands are not simply products or services. Brands are the sum totals of all the images that people have in their heads about a particular company and a particular mark. Brands absorb everything around them like Imelda Marcos in the shoe department at Nordstrom† (Scott Bedbury, CEO of Brandstream, a Seattle-based marketing consultancy, quoted in Kalin, 2001). Indeed the term has come to refer to not only the images a company produces in order to call their product or services to mind, but also the products sold, the services rendered, the building in which the company is headquartered or even the country in which it originated as well as the methods used to project these ideas and images to the broader public. To remain competitive in the world today, just about anything can be identified with a brand if it is so chosen – companies, museums, hospitals, even individual people (look at Martha Stewart for a prime example). When services are excellent, products exceed expectations, lines are in high demand and the public knows your name, branding can provide a significant assist in boosting international sales. This is the positive side of branding that allows a company to walk into a new country or territory with an already hungry consumer base. According to Aaker (1996), strong brands work for the company to help them establish their proper placement within the international and local marketplace as well as assisting in the development of a strong consumer base through broad recognition of the brand. This recognition then further works for the company by serving as a weapon to counter growing competition in a shrinking market (Barwise & Robertson, 1992). Corporations can then further use this position to help launch new extensions, such as a line of athletic clothes for Nike or a new flavor for Toblerone (Aaker & Keller, 1990). The use of celebrities in this regard has been generally considered

Media Portrayal of Women Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Portrayal of Women - Research Paper Example Subsequently, the longer the exposure and the more they internalize the model figure, the greater is the detrimental effect. According to the study, "The psychological processes through which the mass media act as a strong sociocultural influence on women's body dissatisfaction, and subsequent body-shaping behaviors, were only poorly understood previously" (66). Another study by Marika Tiggemann, Janet Polivy and Duane Hargreaves entitled, "The processing of thin ideals in fashion magazines: A source of social comparison or fantasy," also shows the effect of the thin models on the psychological make-up of women. The results of the study "indicate that women do engage in a moderate amount of both comparison on the basis of appearance and fantasy processing (imagining being the woman)" (88). Women consciously and subconsciously compare themselves with the model (positively or negatively) which will then result to fantasy and, worse, to obsession. The common speculation for the reasons why women, both young and mature, "buy and read magazines" are "for inspiration, self-improvement and pleasurable fantasy," but "this does make them feel positive in general" (89). In this case, the more a woman is exposed to these good-looking models the more she fantasizes and aspires to be like them. The foregoing studies bring us to the common sickness associated with negative body-image. The article "Dissatisfaction with Our Bodies and Eating Disorders" that appears at The Feminist eZine - Health enumerates the detrimental health effects of women who are dissatisfied with their own bodies. According to this article approximately 80% of women are dissatisfied with their bodies. Many resort to dieting in order to attain their desired size. Moreover, the source of their dissatisfaction is media portrayal of women. What media show are the "excessively thin, beautiful, young and flawless models" and that "women are repeatedly being exposed to these types of images both in printed ads, television, and movies." Consequently, dieting leads to eating disorders. Statistics show that the three most common eating disorders are: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. Women suffering from anorexia nervosa have an irrational fear of becoming obese, a preoccupation or with their weight and food, a distorted body-image, persistently starve themselves and deny their appetites (Dictionary.com, 2004). Bulimia, on the other hand, is "categorized by a binging and purging cycle. According to Wardlaw (2003) as cited in this article, "women affected by this eating disorder eat large amounts of food in one sitting (binge eating) which is followed by a purging from the body through vomiting, misusing laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. In addition, bulimics often use alternate methods such as intense exercise or fasting to balance the effects of excess calories." Still another disorder is

MULTI-HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT, USING COLOUR MAPPING ON NATURAL Essay

MULTI-HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT, USING COLOUR MAPPING ON NATURAL DISASTERS i.e FLOODING, EROSION - Essay Example Luiz, in his book ‘The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake: Revisited’, states that multi-hazard risk assessment considers three issues which include the interaction of generically different types of hazards, comparison of different types of risks from financial and disaster management points of view, and finally the consequential risks for industrial production, infrastructure, and the economy. Moreover, in the case of an imaginary disaster workshop, there exist aims to be achieved, objective messages for Non-Governmental Organisations and locals, solutions in multi-hazard assessment, as well as target information from the multi-hazard risk assessment using colour mapping on natural disasters. Colour mapping, also known as colour coded mapping is a risk assessment tool that allows objective and visual determination of risk levels. It also provides a route on which priority events can be identified hence easy assigning of responsibilities and determination of actions to be taken. Thi s method of colour coding was developed by Maria Dineen, as a result of the growing need to manage the increasing volume of incident investigations. Initially, Maria established only three incident grades. These grades include Green to represent minor events that do not require follow-up, yellow for moderate events that require local management action and red to represent significant events that require senior management attention. Later, orange was also introduced to represent events that, although not requiring follow up by the senior management, they should be reviewed and monitored by relevant local management teams (â€Å"Consequences UK†). Risk assessment aims at identifying, measuring, quantifying, and evaluating the worst effects of natural hazards in a comprehensible and comparable way (Haimes, 2009). The use of colour mapping in risk assessment by an organisation aims at various things. First, an organisation aims at introducing clearly defined levels of accountabil ity for action and learning from adverse events. Secondly, organisations aim at curbing disasters and risks before they take place. Colour coding enables an organisation to identify any potential disasters. In addition to that, organisations aimed at risk assessment are required to explore safety and quality to ensure that no one is hurt in the future. It also aims to reduce consequential risks that may take place after a disaster has passed. This aims at creation of a safety culture in the organisation. Another aim of using colour mapping in multi-hazard risks assessment, is to use it as a tool for qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is important in the incident management process. Colour mapping gives a quality analysis since it eases the analysis process. The concentration of one colour over a certain region on a map show the level of risk experienced in that area without necessarily requiring an expert’s interpretation. More so, colour coding enables a systematic d etermination of the events that require more attention. For instance, colour red represent an urgent attention to a certain area; so more concentration and spread of it shows that a larger area is at a high level of risk (Zhang, 2009). However, it goes without saying that challenges will be faced in application of colour mapping. In most cases, it is possible for someone to confuse between code red and code orange which are different although they represent very close levels of risk. This can compromise the

Analysis Of The Reason Why Destinations Brand Themselves Marketing Essay

Analysis Of The Reason Why Destinations Brand Themselves Marketing Essay As travel and tourism is one of the biggest global industries, the competition all over the world is enormous (World Travel Tourism Council, 2007). Therefore one of the most important things for a destination and moreover a key task for destination marketers, mainly due to the already mentioned global competition, is the process of branding a certain destination. The marketers have to be aware that there are many other destinations that try to attract the potential tourists and visitors as well. Consequently branding is essential and very important for a destination to show what it has to offer through the use of words and symbols for instance. A brand can have many different forms. It can for example be a logo, a symbol, a trademark or a name. Furthermore branding is not a new idea, even when, according to Gilmore (2001; as cited in Morgan et al. 2002: 57), many people tend to think of it as something new. But it is not a new phenomenon; branding already exists for years. Gilmore argues that many of the brands we use today have been in existence for over 100 years (Morgan et al., 2002: 57). This statement shows that branding products, which are in the case of this essay destinations, has been existing for a very long time and still has a huge significance all over the world. The aim of this essay is to critically assess the reason why destinations brand themselves. In addition it contains general information about branding like definitions, what branding is about and why rebranding in particular cases is necessary. The outcome is a conclusion and recommendations for branding destinations in the future. Before explaining the necessity of branding it is important to have a look at several definitions of this term due to many different ones existing. Kolb (2006: 229) for example defines branding as the use of words and symbol to represent the image of a product and the benefits it offers to consumers. Furthermore he adds that branding is about the promotion of the unique benefits that tourists will experience during their visit (Kolb, 2006: 18). According to The American Marketing Association (as cited in Tasci and Kozak, 2006: 300) a brand is defined as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of these, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. This definition adds the differentiation from other products and it goes along with Milligan (1995; as cited in Tasci and Kozak, 2006) who expresses the importance of differentiating one brand from others as well. He argues that a brand is wha t differentiates you and makes you special. Besides along with Morgan et al. (2002: 11) branding is perhaps the most powerful marketing weapon available to contemporary destination marketers confronted by increasing product parity, substitutability and competition. But is the branding process of products the same as for destinations? Or is there a difference between branding normal products and destinations? According to Caldwell and Freire (2004: 50) many academics (e.g. Cai, 2002; Kotler and Gertner, 2002; Olins 2002) argue that places can be branded in much the same way as consumer goods and services. And also along with Pike (2005; as cited in Balakrishnan 2009: 613) destination brands are also similar to product and services. They have both tangible and intangible components, are mostly service dependent, and can be positioned through the use of slogans. But besides these arguments there are also some academics that see a difference between the branding process of normal products and destinations. According to Karavatsis and Ashworth (2005; as cited in Hankinson 2009: 98) the branding of places as destinations requires more complex managerial activities than product brands. Furthermore along with Hankinson (2001; as cited in Murphy et al., 2007) creating brands as defined and discussed in the traditional marketing literature is a more difficult and complex process when considering d estinations and locations. These findings of different academics show that some consider the branding process of destinations as more challenging than branding products in general. Therefore the author of this essay thinks that it is necessary to define destination branding separate to the branding process of normal products in general. Along with Cai (2002; as cited in Murphy et al., 2007: 5) a destination brand is defined as perceptions about a place as reflected by the associations held in tourist memory. Furthermore Morrison and Anderson (2002: 16) describe destination branding as a process used to develop a unique identity and personality that is different from all competitive destinations. According to many academics (e.g. Eby, Molnar and Cai 1999; Gartner 1989; as cited in Hem and Iversen, 2004: 85) unlike other tangible products, tourists are not able to test drive and try the destinations before making a choice. When deciding to go on holiday you pay for something that you will not receive at once. Furthermore Hem and Iversen (2004: 85) argue that the decision involves greater risk and extensive information search, and depends on tourists mental construct of what a potential destination has to offer relative to their needs. A very important question when branding destinations is how long the brand can be used? According to Kotler (1997; as cited in Tasci and Kozak, 2006: 300) the seller or maker of a brand [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] is entitled to exclusive rights to use the brand without any expiration dates, which distinguishes it from patents and copyrights. Therefore destination marketers are able to use a brand endlessly. This is a great advantage because when a well-working brand is created it can be used as long as the marketers wish to. There are many destinations that do it this way but there are also some who change their brand from time to time. This change of the brand has to be done when a brand does not attract enough people to visit a certain destination. But more significant than having a look at what branding is, is to clarify why is it necessary for destinations to brand themselves? It is important that a brand shows real benefits in order to be effective (Kolb, 2006). These benefits include that the brand is understood easily, memorable, and it has to be designed in a way that it can be used on every form of communication (Kolb, 2006: 222). Furthermore Kolb (2006: 222) argues that it is very important that the potential tourist understands the brand symbol and message easily because if they are confused by the words and image communicated, the branding may be noticed but will not attract them. Therefore it is necessary to know the target group before creating a brand because if the consumer does not understand the message of the brand he or she will not be interested in it and furthermore not be attracted by the destination. According to Kolb (2006: 229) branding provides a shorthand message that will hopefully be heard by the potential tourists and visitors over all the other destinations. That means that the brand of one destination needs to be created very well and moreover it has to be more attractive than other brands. Besides this Gilmore (2001) argues that branding seeks to convey messages to the user or potential user of a product or service. These messages need to be simple and consistent, since we are all bombarded with messages from hundreds of products every day (as cited in Morgan et al., 2002: 58). Kolb and Gilmore both argue that it is important to create brands that are easily understood by the potential tourists or visitors of a destination. The author of this essay fully agrees to both of them because if a brand is not understood by first glance or is not attractive enough that the consumer has a deeper look at it to understand what it is about, than all the effort to create the brand w as not really worth it. When a brand is created it is necessary that the destination marketers use it to communicate it to the potential tourists and visitors. According to Kolb (2006: 229) the brand should appear on all forms of communication like letters, flyers, the websites, brochures as well as T-shirts. Besides those facts concerning the design of a brand, it is according to Kolb (2006: 221) important that tourism marketers choose an identity that authentically and genuinely reflects what the city has to offer. The different forms of communication and the well-chosen reflection of the offers show only some of the challenging points branding has to deal with in the various steps the brand has to pass through during the process of creating it. According to Kolb (2006: 229) developing a brand takes time, effort, and creativity. Besides these mentioned facts branding is also very expensive due to many different things that have to be considered. One of the first steps is that the brand needs to be created. When this stage is taken, the next one is to communicate the brand by using it for all the representing articles like letters or brochures. One rather risky point is that these articles have to be printed before the destination marketers even know if the brand will be understood by the potential tourists or visitors or not. But why is it still so important that destinations brand themselves when there are all these aspects which are at first sight rather negative? Kolb (2006) argues that branding can develop repeat visits due to familiarity with the brand. In the best case branding remembers the tourists of all the benefits the destination has to offer and therefore may create brand loyalty (Kolb, 2006: 229). The loyalty towards a brand can most easily be achieved through the constant use after the successful creation of a brand. When the potential tourists or visitors understand the brand and are attracted by it they may visit the destination. If they like it and the well-working brand remains they possibly visit the destination again which means that brand loyalty is created. One very well working example is the case of New York City with its brand I love NY. The potential creation of loyalty towards a brand leads to the idea of building a relationship with a brand and therefore with the corresponding destination. This is suggested by Kotler (1997; as cited in Tasci and Kozak, 2006: 300) who mentions the evoke of emotions. Furthermore this idea arises as well according to Morgan et al. (2002) who argue that the potential tourists and visitors need to get a relationship with the destinations visited. They reason that it is not a question of price but a question of emotions what makes the tourists visit or revisit a certain destination. The author of this essay not fully agrees to this statement. The point with the relationship may be true as well as important but nevertheless nowadays, after the financial crisis, the people have less money to spend and therefore the price is an important point when choosing holidays. However, the idea of having a relationship with products is nothing new, it is already suggested by several other academics (e.g. Urdde, 1993; Sheth, Mittal and Newman, 1999; as stated in Morgan et al., 2002). Along with Kolb (2006: 18) it is necessary that a brand gets into the consumers mind. Without this step it would not even be possible to build a relationship with a brand. This goes along with Lury (1998: 4) who argues that it is our perceptions our beliefs and our feelings about a brand that are most important. However, according to Hallberg (1995) mere emotion is not enough, the key is to develop a strong brand which holds some unique associations for the consumer but emotion has always been an important component of branding (as cited in Morgan et al., 2002: 12). According to Weinreich (1999; as stated in Morgan et al.,2002: 25) in the case of destination branding the destination managers should not think in terms of the traditional brand life cycle, brand managers should be thinking of the S-curve which charts a brands life and development through birth, growth, maturity, decay and death (see Figure 1). The S-curve symbolises a series of stages in the brands relationship with its consumers, revealing useful insights into a brands communication requirements (Weinreich, 1999; as stated in Morgan et al.,2002: 26). The first stage in the S-curve diagram, the fashionable stage, shows the stage when the destination is new and exclusive and therefore yet small due to the lack of advertising activities (Weinreich, 1999; as stated in Morgan et al.,2002: 26). Within the next and so-called famous phase, a destinations brands consumers are loyal and affluent but at any time the destinations brand values may become irrelevant to them hence the on-going need for them to remain fresh and appealing. According to Weinreich (1999; as stated in Morgan et al.,2002: 27) the destination needs to remain contemporary but if it fails, it will drift into the familiar zone where everyone knows about the destination, but it hast lost its appeal. The following stage is the familiar phase wherein it is not easy anymore to attract lucerative market segments. This stage is followed by the fatigued phase in which the question of a potential refreshment needs to be asked. Figure 1 Source: Morgan et al., 2002: 25 According to Gilmore (2001) it is essential that a destination is unique. Furthermore Gilmore argues that this uniqueness has two different sources: first, the culture of the destination itself, which is normally unique or a unique combination of cultures, and, second, from the combination of other benefits convenient yet unspoilt, lively city with peaceful countryside, historic monuments and great food (as cited in Morgan et al 2002: 60). When a destination does for example not have great cultural aspects to offer, food can be a very important benefit for a destination. Along with Hall (2004: xiii) [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] food is a significant part of tourism. Furthermore Hall (2004) argues (as cited in Hall et al., 2003) that food has come to be recognized as part of the local culture which tourists consume, as an element of regional tourism promotion [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]. This statement leads to the possibility that a destination may include its traditional food into the brand which is a very effective way of using a benefit if others like for example the countryside are not really effective. According to Mitchell and Hall (2003; as cited in Gyimà ³thy and Mykletun, 2009: 260) the growing interest in culinary products and traditions implies that food is also becoming a more important factor in influencing tourists motivations for traveling to a particular destination. Furthermore they argue that it is necessary to market the culinary products to the various consumers. To use traditional products like food is how a destination may rebrand itself successfully if for example another brand did not work very well to attract tourists. But there are also other reasons why destinations may have to rebrand themselves. Additional reasons are disasters, natural as well as manmade ones and political issues. In this case rebranding is very important because the destinations need to regain the visitors trust again. A destination or even a whole country may have certain image problems due to for example a crisis or a war. Therefore it is very important for destination marketers to create a new brand that convinces the potential tourists or visitors of the good sides the destination has to offer, even when the image is perceived differently. As could be seen to brand a destination is different than to brand any kind of product. As many academics (e.g. Kolb, 2006; Milligan, 1995; Tasci and Kozak, 2006) argue it is necessary to create successful brands for destinations in order to be competitive in the huge existing global market. A successful brand that is understood by the potential tourists or visitors may create loyalty towards a brand. However, before brand loyalty can be created it is essential to produce a well-working brand that is understood simply. In many cases this is not really easy and it always depends on what a certain destination has to offer to the consumers. If a destination does not have any outstanding offers like for example a unique combination of cultures or a special countryside it is also possible to use for instance the local food to attract potential tourists or visitors and to use it for the brand (Gilmore, 2001). But according to many academics (e.g. Kolb, 2006; Morgan et al. 2002) the most important thing is that a relationship with a certain destination has to be achieved. Otherwise the potential tourists or visitors would not visit or revisit the destination and brand loyalty would not be created at all (Kolb, 2006). To build a relationship towards a brand expects that the message of a brand needs to be understood. Therefore another important point when creating a brand is the message that shall be communicated to the consumers. It should be understood by the potential tourists or visitors, which are a specific target group, to attract them; otherwise they will rather not be interested in the destination (Kolb, 2006). But not only the creation of the message itself is a challenging point within the developing process of a brand. Furthermore, the brand has to pass through different stages, which is shown in a diagram called the S-Curve. These various phases in a brands life all have their o wn challenging points and the destination marketers have to be aware of those already in the developing process of a brand (Weinreich, 1999). Although within the developing process of a brand those challenging steps occur, it is inevitable for destinations to brand themselves. Only through branding the potential tourists or visitors can build a relationship with the destination. And therefore the destination can be attractive as well as competitive. In the future it will be important for destination marketers to stick to their well-working brands if they have already created one or change their brands if it is necessary to rebrand the destination. Otherwise it would not be possible at all to compete against the huge amount of existing offers all over the world. As the most important point is the creation of a relationship it is therefore necessary that the brands created help to build a relationship between the destinations and the potential tourists or visitors. Only through the connection between a destination and the consumers a destination can be competitive and the message will be heard over all the other messages. Bu t without a brand it would not even be possible to attract anybody.

The Effects that Affirmative Action Has Had on Past and Future Endeavor

The African American experience in the United States is one that could almost be described as irreparable. The African American debut in this country was one that started off as foul as a situation could be. The slavery experience ranks amongst some of the most inhumane eras in the history of mankind. The settlers in the colonies viewed Africans as only 3/5ths of a man and used Africans as tools, or pets, as opposed to acknowledging them as real thinking, loving, feeling human beings. Amazingly so, African Americans were able to advance in this society to a plateau in which we are now, by definition, accepted as equals. Racism still exists in many social institutions and mindsets of our citizens, but opportunity now is vast, compared to how it was over time. With the well documented existence of racism, there has to be an option that levels the playing field for African Americans. That equalizer is affirmative action. Affirmative action is a policy or a program that seeks to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and employment. In addition to providing equal opportunity, affirmative action also serves as a form of reparation for the actions by white America in the past. With the advancement of African Americans in this society, some argue that affirmative action actually is a way to declare inferiority of the black people, and holds African Americans back in terms of progress in the nation. Others argue that it is the only way that the African American person can receive fair treatment in a nation that is still blinded by prejudice. Affirmative action is a crucial debate that has no finite solution. Even if it is granted, there will still be those who view it as a cop-out or â€Å"crutch† for African Americans and other minorities. This reason is why affirmative action serves as a double-edged sword. Although the notion of affirmative action serves as a double-edged sword, affirmative action in the 21st century is headed in a direction that will benefit African Americans economically, throughout the venues of employment, income, education, and social status; and by doing so, affirmative action has definitely served as a pivotal method to assuage and suppress racism and prejudice in these United States. Affirmative action is a staple in today’s American employment system, but there was a long road to ach... ...he or she does not perform, then that may perpetuate racism. If one comes into an office and he or she excels and is above the others in the office, then it will be understood that this person did not get here just because they are a minority, but because they are capable. These reasons are why one must acknowledge the fact that affirmative action suppresses racism and eliminates it, simply because it does the least it can do, in providing opportunity-opportunity that was not always given in a more racist society, but is offered today. In the 21st century, affirmative action should stay in place, and will contribute to the advancement of minorities. The actual advancement depends, not on policy, but on the initiative of those involved. Bibliography _____________ Brunner, Borgna, Timeline of Affirmative Action Milestones (2005). http://www.infoplease.com/spot/affirmativetimeline1.html. Clinton White House Staff (1995). Affirmative Action: Emperical Research. In   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative Action Review: Report to the President, Chapter3. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.policyalmanac.org/culture/archive/affirmative_action_empirical.shtml